CẤU TRÚC 1
(Câu điều kiện loại 0):
diễn tả một hành động, sự kiện luôn luôn đúng, kiểu một chân lý.
If+ simple present
tense, simple present tense
Ví
dụ:
If
you heat ice, it melts - Nếu ta làm nóng đá, nó sẽ tan chảy
CẤU TRÚC 2
(Câu điều kiện loại 1):
diễn tả hành động có thể thực hiện được trong hiện tại và nêu kết quả có thể xảy
ra.
If+ present tense, future
tense
Ví
dụ:
If
you come into my garden, my dog will bite you.
If
we leave Hanoi for Hue today,
we shall be staying in Hue tomorrow.
If you do your home work right now, you will have finished it in 2 hours' time.
If you do your home work right now, you will have finished it in 2 hours' time.
If he is working, I won't disturb
him.
CẤU TRÚC 3: Đối với câu
mệnh lệnh (chủ ngữ ẩn ở mệnh đề chính)
If + S + V, (do not) V-inf.
Ví dụ:
If + S + V, (do not) V-inf.
Ví dụ:
If
you are hungry, go to a restaurant.
If you feel cold, don't open the door.
If you feel cold, don't open the door.
CẤU TRÚC 4: Đối với câu
khuyên răn, trong trường hợp này không thực sự
là một câu điều kiện bởi "if" mang nghĩa như "as, since,
because"
If + S + V, why do (not) + V-inf.
Ví dụ
If + S + V, why do (not) + V-inf.
Ví dụ
If
you like the movie, why don't you go to the cinema?
CẤU TRÚC 5: Đối với câu
gợi ý nhưng nhấn mạnh về điều kiện
If + would like to + V-inf, ... will/can/must/nothing + V-inf.
Ví dụ:
If + would like to + V-inf, ... will/can/must/nothing + V-inf.
Ví dụ:
If
you would like to go to the library today, I can/will go with you.
CẤU TRÚC 6: Đối với câu đề
nghị, gợi ý, bày tỏ ý kiến mang tính lịch sự
If + can/may/must/have to/should/be going to + V-inf, simple future.
Ví dụ:
If I may get into the room now, I shan't feel cold.
If you are going to go to University, you must study hard before an entrance examination.
If you should see her tomorrow, please tell her to phone me at once. (tương đương probably)
If + can/may/must/have to/should/be going to + V-inf, simple future.
Ví dụ:
If I may get into the room now, I shan't feel cold.
If you are going to go to University, you must study hard before an entrance examination.
If you should see her tomorrow, please tell her to phone me at once. (tương đương probably)
CẤU TRÚC 7
(Câu điều kiện loại 2):
diễn tả điều không thể xảy ra ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai, chỉ là một giả thiết,
một ước muốn trái ngược với thực trạng hiện tại.
If+ past simple tense,
S+ would+ V/be V-ing/Have been V-pp
Chú ý trong câu điều kiện
loại II, ở mệnh đề “IF” riêng động từ “to be” thì dùng “were” cho tất cả các
ngôi.
Ví
dụ:
If
I were a bird, I would be very happy.
If
I had a million USD, I would buy that car.
If we
left Hanoi for Hue this morning, we would be staying
in Hue tomorrow.
CẤU TRÚC 8: If + past simple, past simple. (việc đã xảy ra)
Ví dụ:
Ví dụ:
If
the goalkeeper didn't catch the ball, they lost.
CẤU TRÚC 9 (Câu
điều kiện loại 3):
diễn tả một điều không thể xảy ra trong quá khứ, chỉ mang tính ước muốn trong
quá khứ, một giả thiết trái ngược với thực trạng ở quá khứ.
If+S+had+ V(P.P- phân từ
hai), S+would+have+V(P.P- Phân từ hai) /be V-ing
Ví
dụ:
If
I hadn’t been absent yesterday, I would have met him. (Nếu hôm qua tôi không vắng
mặt thì tôi đã gặp mặt anh ta rồi.)
CẤU TRÚC 10: If + past perfect, S + would + V-inf.
Ví dụ:
Ví dụ:
If
she had followed my advice, she would be richer now.
If you had taken the medicine yesterday, you would be better now.
If you had taken the medicine yesterday, you would be better now.
CẤU TRÚC 11: If + past perfect continuous, S + would + present perfect.
Ví dụ:
Ví dụ:
If
it hadn't been raining the whole week, I would have finished the laundry
CẤU TRÚC 12 (Đảo
ngữ câu điều kiện loại 1):
Should + S + V, S + Will +V
Ví
dụ:
If
he has free time, he’ll play tennis. => Should he have free time, he’ll play
tennis
-
Nếu trong câu có “should” ở mệnh đề if, thì đảo “should” lên đầu câu: Vd: If he
should ring , I will tell him the news. → Should he ring, I will tell him the
news.
-
Nếu trong câu không có “should”, chúng ta phải mượn “should”, ví dụ: If he has
free time, he’ll play tennis. → Should he have free time, he’ll play tennis.
CẤU TRÚC 13
(Đảo ngữ câu điều kiện loại 2):
Were + S + (to) + V/N, S + Would + V
- Nếu trong câu có động từ “were”, thì đảo “were” lên đầu. Ví
dụ: If I were a bird, I would fly. → Were I a bird, I would fly.
- Nếu trong câu không có động từ “were” thì mượn “were’ và
dùng “ to V”, ví dụ: If I learnt Russian, I would read a Russian book. →
Were I to learn Russian, I would read a Russian book
CẤU TRÚC 14 ( Đảo ngữ câu điều kiện loại 3):
Had
+ S + V-PP/Ved, S + Would have + V-PP/Ved
Ví dụ:
If he had trained hard, he would
have won the match. => Had he trained hard, he would have won the
match.
- Chú ý: ở dạng phủ định, “not” được đặt sau chủ ngữ: Had
it not been so late, we would have called you.
CẤU TRÚC 15:
Unless= If not
Ví
dụ:
If I
don’t work hard, I will fail this exam.
=
Unless I work hard, I will fail this exam.
CẤU TRÚC 16: Without/ But for (Nếu không nhờ)
Without/
But for + N, Main clause.
Ví
dụ:
If
you didn’t help me, I wouldn’t pass my exam. (Nếu bạn mà không giúp đỡ, mình đã
không vượt qua được kỳ thi)
=
Without/ But for your help, I wouldn’t pass my exam. (Nếu không nhờ sự giúp đỡ
của bạn, mình đã không vượt qua kỳ thi.)
Chú
ý: Without và But for chỉ dùng cho câu điều kiện loại 2 và loại 3.
CẤU TRÚC 17: Or/ Otherwise (Nếu không thì)
Ví
dụ:
If
you don’t hurry up, you will be late for school.
=Hurry
up or you will be late for school.
=Unless
you hurry up, you will be late for school.
If
Miss Trang hadn’t helped me, I would have fail.
=Miss
Trang helped me a lot. Otherwise, I would have fail.
CẤU TRÚC 18: Incase
(Phòng khi)
Thường
được sử dụng cho câu điều kiện loại 1.
Ví
dụ:
Bring
an umbrella along incase it rains. (Hãy mang ô theo phòng khi trời mưa.
CẤU TRÚC 19: As long
as/ So long as/ Providing that/ Provided that = If
Ví
dụ: Travelling by car is convenient provided
that you have somewhere
to park.
Bài tập 1: Cho dạng
đúng của động từ trong ngoặc.
1.
If we meet at 9:30, we (have)
_________________plenty of time.
2. If you (find) _________________ a skeleton in
the cellar, don't mention it to anyone.
3.
The zookeeper would have punished her with a fine if she ( feed)
_________________ the animals..
4.
If you pass your examination, we (have) _________________a celebration.
5. Lisa would find the milk if she (look)
_________________ for it in the fridge.
6.
What (happen) _________________if I press this button?
7. The door will be unlocked if you
(press)_________________ the green
button.
8. I should have voted for her if I (have)
_________________ a vote then.
9. If you go to Paris, where you (stay)
_________________?
10. If you (swim) _________________ in this lake,
you'll shiver from cold.
11.
If someone offered to buy you one of those rings, which you (choose)
_________________?
12.
The flight may be cancelled if the fog (get) _________________thick.
13.
If the milkman (come) _________________, tell him to leave two pints.
14.
I (call) _________________ the office if I were you.
15.
Someone (sit) _________________on your glasses if you leave them there.
16.
You would hear my explanation if you (not talk) _________________so much.
17.
What I (do) _________________if I hear the burglar alarm?
18.
If you (read) _________________the instructions carefully, you wouldn't have
answered the wrong question.
19.
If Mel (ask) _________________ her
teacher, he'd have answered her questions.
20.
I would repair the roof myself if I (have) _________________a long ladder.
21.
Unless they turn that radio off, I (go) _________________mad.
22.
If you were made redundant, what you (do) _________________?
23.
We'll have a long way to walk if we (run) _________________out of petrol here.
24.
If you shake that bottle of port, it (not be) _________________ fit to drink.
25.
If you spoke louder, your classmates (understand) _________________ you.
26.
I'll probably get lost unless he (come) _________________with me.
27.
You (not have) _________________ so many accidents if you drove more slowly.
28.
If you (wear) _________________ a false beard, nobody would have recognized
you.
29.
If she (leave) _________________ the fish here, the cat will eat it.
30.
You (have) _________________ no trouble at school if you had done your
homework.
31.
Unless you (tell) __________________ the truth, I won’t help you.
32.
You'll get pneumonia if you (not change) _________________ your wet clothes.
33.
If I had known that you couldn't eat octopus, I (not buy) _________________ it.
34.
If they (hang) _________________ that picture lower, people would be able to
see it.
35.
She (be) _________________able to walk faster if she didn’t have such high-heel
shoes.
36.
I (bring) _________________ you some beer if I had known that you were thirsty.
37.
If you had touched that electric cable, you (be) _________________
electrocuted.
38.
If the story hadn't been true, the newspaper (not print) _________________ it.
39.
I (not buy) _________________ things on the installment system if I were you.
40.
Dan (arrive) _________________ safe if he drove slowly.
Bài 2: Chọn đáp án đúng
để điền vào chỗ trống
1.
If I __________the same problem you had as a child, I might not have succeeded
in life as well as you have.
A.
have
B. would have C. had
had D. should have
2.
I __________you sooner had someone told me you were in the hospital.
A.
would have visited B.
visited C. had
visited D. visit
3.
__________more help, I would call my neighbor.
A.
needed B.
should I need C. I have
needed D. I should need
4.
__________then what I know yesterday, I would have saved myself a lot of time
and trouble over the years.
A.
had I known B. did
I know C. If I
know D. If I would know
5.
Do you think there would be less conflict in the world if all people
__________the same language?
A.
spoke B.
speak C. had
spoken D. will speak
6.
If you can give me one good reason for your acting like this, __________this
incident again.
A. I will never mention B. I never mention
C.
will I never mention D. I don’t
mention
7.
If I had known you were asleep, I __________so much noise when I came in.
A.
didn’t make B. wouldn’t have made
C.
won’t make D.
don’t make
8.
Unless you __________all of my questions, I can’t do anything to help you.
A.
answered B.
answer C. would answer D. are answering
9.
Had you told me that this was going to happen, I __________it.
A.
would have never believed B.
don’t believe
C. hadn’t believed D. can’t believe
10.
If Jake __________to go on the trip, would you have gone?
A.
doesn’t agree B.
didn’t agree C.
hadn’t agreed D. wouldn’t agree
11.
J: “John went to the hospital alone”,
K: “If __________,I would have gone with
him”.
A.
had he told me B. he had told me C. he has told me D. he would tell me
12.
If you __________, I would have brought my friends over to your house yesterday
to watch T.V, but I didn’t want to bother you.
A.
had studied B-studied C. hadn’t studied D. didn’t study
13.
Peter: “Did you need help with your Math last night?”.
Mary: “If I had needed, I __________you”.
A.
would call B.
called C. would have
called D. will call
14.
If someone __________ in to the store, smile and say, “May I help you?”
A.
comes B.
came C. come D. should come
15.
“Here’s my phone number”.
“Thanks. I‘ll give you a call if I
__________some help tomorrow”
A.
will need B.
need C. would
need D. needed
16.
If I didn’t work for an accounting firm, I __________in a bank now.
A.
work B. will work C. have worked D. would work
17.
The death rate would decrease if hygienic conditions __________improved.
A.
was
B. is
C. were D. had been
18-The
education in Japan __________if the basic principles of education had not been
taken into consideration.
A.
would go down B.
would have gone down
C.
went down D. had gone down
19.
If there __________, the rice fields could have been more productive.
A.
had been enough water B.
were enough water
C.
would be enough water D.
are enough water
20.
The patient will not recover unless he __________ an operation.
A.
had undergone B. would undergo C. undergoes D. was undergoing
21.
If she __________ him, she would be very happy.
A.
would meet B. will meet C. met D. should meet
22-If
he __________ a thorough knowledge of English, he could have applied for this
post.
A.
had had B. had C. has D. has had
23.
If I had enough money, I__________ abroad to improve my English.
A.
will go B. would
go C.
went D. should have
go to
24.The
bench would collapse if they __________on it.
A.
stood B. stand C.
standing D. stands
25-If
it __________convenient, let’s go out for a drink tonight,
A.
be B. is C.
was
D. were
ĐÁP ÁN:
Exercise 1:
1. will have 2. find 3. had fed 4. will
5.
looked 6. will
happen 7. press 8. had had
9.
will you stay 10. swim 11. would you choose 12. gets
13.
comes 14. would
call 15. will sit 16. don’t talk
17.
will you do 18. had read 19. had asked 20. had
21.
will go 22. would you
do 23. run 24. won’t
be
25.
would have understand 26. comes 27. wouldn’t
have
28.
had worn 29. leaves 30. would have had 31. Tell
32.
don’t change 33. wouldn’t have
bought
34. hung
35.
would be 36. would have
brought
37. would have been
38.
wouldn’t have printed 39. wouldn’t
buy 40. would drive
Exercise 2:
1.
C 2. A 3. B 4. A 5. A
6.
A 7. B 8. B 9. A 10. C
11.
B 12. C 13. C 14. A 15. B
16.
D 17. C 18. B 19. A 20. C
21.
C 22. A 23. B 24. A 25. B
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